Moreover, the combination of the natural fiber and the biodegradable polymer able to reduce the negative impact on human health. The fibre is then treated with alkaline treatment using three different concentrations of 5wt%, [citation needed] Many of the facilities that now process Southern pine for paper use can be converted to accommodate kenaf. Despite this, glass fiber showed a dominant value for each property yet extensively applied in the automotive component. Composites Science and Technology, 67(6) (2007) 1132-1138. The stems produce two types of fibre: a coarser fibre in the outer layer (bast fibre), and a finer fibre in the core. Oksman, Preparation of cellulose nanofibres with hydrophobic surface characteristics. The core is about 60% of the plant and has thick (≈38 µm) but short (0.5 mm) and thin-walled (3 µm) fibre cells. The name also applies to the fibre obtained from this plant. Anyanwu et al-This content was downloaded from IP address 40.77.167.75 on 24/04/2020 at 01:47. Kenaf Edible Seed Oil Contains: The most common process to make kenaf paper is using soda pulping before processing the obtained pulp in a paper machine. J.C. Villar, Revilla, E. Gomez, N. Carbajo, J. M. Simon, Improving the use of kenaf for kraft pulping by using mixtures of bast and core fibres. Kenaf seed oil is 20.4% of the total seed weight, similar to that of cotton seed. The cell wall is thick (6.3 µm). El-Shekeil, Sapuan, S. M. Jawaid, M. Al-Shuja'a, O. M. Influence of fibre content on mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of kenaf fibres reinforced poly(vinyl chloride)/thermoplastic polyurethane poly-blend composites. Industrial Crops and Products, 25(2) (2007) 136-146. The ESEM micrographs of A) Untreated kenaf fibre at 1500x magnification, KDC at 3000x magnification B), and C) Rod-like structure of KDC at 275x magnification. Blanchard, F. J. The water retting method produces finer fibres between 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while other methods produces fibres between 4.0 to 5.0 Tex. Industrial Crops and Products, 32(3) (2010) 231-240. Printing and writing paper made from the fibrous kenaf plant has been offered in the United States since 1992. Merriam-Webster, 2002. [3] The fibre diameters from the different retting and extraction methods vary from 33 to 134 m and did not show to have any relationship with fibre fineness. A. Elsaid, A. Dawood, M. Seracino, R. Bobko, C. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced concrete. Over 20 years, 1-acre (4,000 m2) of farmland can produce 10 to 20 times the amount of fiber that 1-acre (4,000 m2) of Southern pine can produce. J. Shi, S. Q. Barnes, H. M. Horstemeyer, M. Wang, J. Hassan,M. The first edition of the book was printed on kenaf paper. A composite made from 100% carbon fibre was served for a comparison purpose. Textile Research Journal, 73(4) (2003) 339-344. [5] E-glass fiber possesses the highest density while Jute having the lowest, whereas Kenaf fibers is in the middle range density. This crop was not introduced into southern Europe until the early 1900s. Kenaf Yield Components and Plant Composition . The MOR of kenaf and market MDF was 44.97 and 40.65 N mm -2, respectively. Kenaf matures in 100 to 200 days. [11] It is also useful as cut bast fibre for blending with resins in the making of plastic composites, as a drilling fluid loss-preventive for oil drilling muds, and for a seeded hydromulch for erosion control. Linoleic acid (C18:2) is the dominant PUFA, followed by oleic acid (C18:1). In California, Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, 3,200 acres (13 km²) of kenaf were grown in 1992, most of which was used for animal bedding and feed. springer, 17 (2010) 299–307. Abstract. R. Mahjoub. [12] The kenaf/ramie blend was fed into a lab-scale carding machine twice to obtain uniform fiber web. Hemp is also one of the bast fibers known to ancient Asians, long before the birth of Christ. For over 6000 years kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Malvaceae) was primarily used as a cordage crop and secondarily as a livestock feed (Dempsey 1975).In the wet-retting process the long, strong bark fiber strands were separated from the remaining bark material by a natural bacterial wet … Textile Research Journal, 72(7) (2002) 618-624. [18] Calamari, A.P.S. And bast fibre in kenaf makes up 35–40% of stem weight and can be processed into high‐quality industrial materials because of its low content of woody impurities and pectin (Xiong, 2008). D.E. The bulk density of the KDC was 0.04 g/cm3. Tensile Properties of Kenaf/Unsaturated Polyester Composites Filled with a Montmorillonite Filler International Journal of Polymer Science, (2011) 1-8. They found that kenaf newsprint[10] made for stronger, brighter and cleaner pages than standard pine paper with less detriment to the environment. [2] Akin, B. Condon, Brian, M. Sohn, J.A. They produced kenaf pellets over a range of 0.5 to 1.9 cm in diameter (Fig. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89(4) (2011) 328-332. Kenaf Fiber/Polypropylene Anand R. Sanadi, J.F. The kenaf fibres were processed through water retting, chemical retting and mechanical extractions. The effects of carbon fibre hybridisation on the thermal properties of woven kenaf-reinforced epoxy composites were studied. 1995 article by Brooke Wurst, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenaf&oldid=994089024, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Brazilian Portuguese: papoula-de-são-francisco, cânhamo-brasileiro, quenafe. The chemical retting method resulted in smoother fibre surface when examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy under different magnifications. as a composite. Charles L. Webber III and Venita K. Bledsoe. Rigsby, Optimization for enzyme-retting of flax with pectate lyase. L.S. [17] Composites From Kenaf Fiber and Plasticized Poly(lactic acid) (12th Asian Chemical Congress (12ACC), 23rd – 25th August 2007, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) 209. D. K Visi D'Souza, N. Ayre, B. G. Webber Iii, C. L. Allen, M. S., Investigation of the bacterial retting community of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) under different conditions using next-generation semiconductor sequencing. The main attraction of the kenaf plant is the bast fibres because of their specific high strength to low … Kenaf is one of the allied fibres of jute and shows similar characteristics. The bulk density of the fibers used was 1.2 g/cm3. The flowers are 8–15 cm diameter, white, yellow, or purple; when white or yellow, the centre is still dark purple. The kenaf seed oil is also used for cosmetics, industrial lubricants and for biofuel production. A. Paridah, M Tahir Sudin, R. Anwar, UMK Hussein, S. Ahmed, Effect of fibre extraction methods on some properties of kenaf bast fibre. Today, while the principal farming areas are China and India, Kanaf is also grown in countries including the US, Mexico, and Senegal. A three dimensional randomly oriented short kenaf fibre mat with a fibre diameter of approximately 0.1mm and an average fibre length of nearly 7mm was used for the production of samples as shown in Fig. Construction and Building Materials, 25(4) (2011) 1991-(2001). In contrast, 1-acre (4,000 m2) of forest (in the US) produces approximately 1.5 to 3.5 tons of usable fibre per year. The kenaf fiber-reinforced polyurethane foam composite is characterized by a very low area density of less than 1 kg/m2 and high strength, making the door trim made of the fiber-reinforced kenaf polyurethane foam 30 percent lighter than that produced from conventional materials. Kenaf fiber is usually reinforced with synthetic based polymer resin such as polypropylene. It was probably used first in Asia. The ESEM micrographs of A) Untreated kenaf fibre at 1500x magnification, KDC at 3000x magnification B), … A precise understanding of the genetic architecture underlying leaf morphology and bast fibre is critical for improving the fibre yield and quality of climate‐resilient kenaf varieties. [citation needed], An area of 1-acre (4,000 m2) of kenaf produces 5 to 8 tons of raw plant bast and core fibre in a single growing season. It is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant (rarely a short-lived perennial) growing to 1.5-3.5 m tall with a woody base. [6] The individual fibre cells are about 2–6 mm long and slender. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(1) (2010) 113-121. The kenaf fibre density was obtained using mathematical equation by dividing the mass by the volume, according to the ASTM D 1895 standard [].Kenaf fibre was put into a container with a known volume ().The weight of the container was weighed and recorded as and the kenaf filled container was weighed and labeled as :. The bast constitutes 40% of the plant. The areal density of each woven kenaf mat and bamboo mat were 600 g/m 2 and 800 g/m 2 respectively. [19] 1. Various reports suggest that the energy requirements for producing pulp from kenaf are about 20 percent less than those for wood pulp, mostly due to the lower lignin content of kenaf. Abdul Khalil, Abdul Yusra, AF Ireana Bhat, AH Jawaid, M , Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf fibre. J. Summerscales, J. Dissanayake, N. P. J. Virk, A. S. Hall, Wayne, A review of bast fibres and their composites. Long slender primary fibers on the outer portion of the stalk characterize bast fiber plants. [14] Fig. The kenaf fiber was cleaned by cotton cleaner and mixed with the ramie fi-ber in a ratio of 70% kenaf and 30% ramie. Kenaf can be made into various types of environmental mats, such as seeded grass mats for instant lawns and moldable mats for manufactured parts and containers. [16] Other names include Bimli, Ambary, Ambari Hemp, Deccan Hemp, and Bimlipatum Jute. 4). Rozana Mohd Dahan, Ahmad Zafir Romli, Dr. Mohd Rozi Ahmad and Dzaraini Kamarun, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1134.103. [8] The addition of 8% compatibilizer into 8.5 and 17.5 wt% fiber content improved … Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) is present in 2 to 4 percent. Chan, K. W. Tahir, M.I. The lighter the material, the further the car can travel on a single gas or battery charge. The kenaf composite panel recorded an internal bond strength (IB) value that was slightly low because of the decrease of core region density. The diameter of kenaf fiber and bamboo fiber are 21.9 µm and 11.6 µm respectively. The pulp quality is similar to that of hardwood. Cellulose, 21(1) (2014) 569-579. The use of kenaf fiber can provide mechanical properties, i.e., tensile strength, comparable to those of synthetic fiber with lower density than traditional materials, resulting in lightweight and eco-friendly polymer composites. [9] The ash content is removed by sieving and washing the fibre. Results show that the presence of Kenaf fiber in concrete improved the properties such as splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and ultimate load of beam. © 2021 by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved, Analysis of Micro-Porosity Defect and Remedial Measures in Crankshaft (Ductile Iron) – A Case Study, Microstructure of Activated Carbon Particles Coated on High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for Wastewater Treatment Application, Aspects of Titanate Coupling Agents and their Application in Dental Polymer Composites: A Review, Linear Density and Surface Morphology of Kenaf Fibres from Different Extraction Methods, Investigation on Elastic Behaviour of DP800 Dual Phase Steel, Effect of Ozone Treatment on Properties of Screw Pressed and Non-Screw Pressed Empty Fruit Bunch Medium Density Particleboard, Chemical and Thermal Analysis of Silk and Silk-Like Fibres, Modelling of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Ribbed Slab under Multiple Ribbed Condition. Part 1 – Fibres as reinforcements. According to Miyake and Suzuta (1937), there are more than 129 names for kenaf worldwide. The bast fibres are used to make ropes. Industrial Crops and Products, 46 (2013) 117-123. [15] Caulfield, G. Kovacsvolgyi, and B. Destree Abstract Considerable interest has been generated in the use of lignocellulosic fibers and wastes (both agri - cultural and wood based) as fillers and reinforce- ments in thermoplastics. The use of kenaf is anticipated to offset 300,000 pounds of oil-based resin per year in North America and should reduce the weight of the door bolsters by 25 percent. Kenaf seeds yield an edible vegetable oil. Kenaf were separated from the outer layer and bast fibre and were cut usingcrusher . [1] Properties Kenaf Fiber Glass Fiber Density 1.4 2.5 Strength 284-800 2000-3000 Modulus (GPa) 21-60 70 Elongation at break 1.6 2.5 Table 2 showed the comparative properties of density, strength, modulus and elongation at break between kenaf fiber and glass fiber. M. Paiva, M. Ammar, I. Campos, A. Cheikh, R. Cunha, A., Alfa fibres: Mechanical, morphological and interfacial characterization. 2.1.1 Kenaf fiber. Woven kenaf hybrid composites of different weave designs of plain and satin and fabric counts of and were manually prepared by a vacuum infusion technique. However, recent studies tend to concern towards the environmental issues which kenaf fiber act as an alternative natural fiber competitor. China: Hong Ma (red hemp) has been officially changed from "Yang Ma" (foreign hemp) during the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976. By weighing the empty measuring cup and subsequently filling the cup with cellulose, the bulk density was calculated. The first implementation of kenaf within a Ford vehicle was in the 2013 Ford Escape. The kenaf yarn has a density … The bast fibre is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin with the value of (56-60%), (21-35%) and (8-15%) by weight respectively (Davoodi et al., 2010; Mazuki et al., 2011). Kenaf oil is high in omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A Morisson Benkshire needle-punching machine was used for mechanically bonding the kenaf/ramie web. R. Yatim, J. M. Sam, A. R. M. Hashemi, S. Hamid, Tensile properties of kenaf fibre due to various conditions of chemical fibre surface modifications. The stems are 1–2 cm diameter, often but not always branched. [10] The water retting method produces finer fibres between 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while other methods produces fibres between 4.0 to 5.0 Tex. The main uses of kenaf fibre have been rope, twine, coarse cloth (similar to that made from jute), and paper. This method has been found to give superior reinforcement quality. The first novel to be published using 100% kenaf paper was The Land of Debris and the Home of Alfredo by Kenn Amdahl (1997, Clearwater Publishing Company). Archontoulis, Growth and biomass productivity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus, L. ) under different agricultural inputs and management practices in central Greece. [4] W. Jinhua and G.N. 1. Construction and Building Materials, 55 (2014) 103-113. First grown in Egypt over 3000 years ago, the leaves of the kenaf plant were a component of both human and animal diets, while the bast fibre was used for bags, cordage, and the sails for Egyptian boats. The same researchers successfully cubed bast fibers to a density of 0.89 g/cm 3, core fiber to a density of 1.22 g/cm 3, and whole stalk (bast and core) to a density of 0.93 g/cm 3. Density g/cm3 1: 1.4: Tensile Strength, MPa: 283- 800: Modulus, GPa: 21-60: Specific (E/d) — Elongation at failure, % 1.6: Moisture absorption, % 18: Processing of Kenaf Fiber: Kenaf could be blended with cotton and made into yarn & woven into fabrics. N.G. M.J.J.H.A. and form the outer-layer of the stalk. Effects of kenaf core and bast fibers as dispersing phases on low density fiberboards (engineered wood) B.U. This page was last edited on 14 December 2020, at 01:45. Stryjewski, Improved Chemical Retting of Kenaf Fibres. Amel, B. 3.4 Grinded kenaf fibre through plastic crusher 47 3.5 Plastic crusher 47 3.6 300gram of TPE and kenaf mixture 49 3.7 Twin screw extruder 50 3.8 Fixed Length Pelletizer 50 3.9 Pellets arranged into mold 51 3.10 Hot press Mold 52 3.11 Sample of 10%, 20% and 30% of kenaf fibre and TPE mixture for tensile test. Dodd, L.L. Ramaswamy, One-step processing and bleaching of mechanically separated kenaf fibres: effects on physical and chemical properties. [7] Paper pulp is produced from the whole stem, and therefore contains two types of fibres, from the bast and from the core. Kenaf is one of the allied fibres of jute and shows similar characteristics. Kenaf fiber/high-density polyethylene/maleic anhydride (MA)-compatibilized composites were melt mixed in a twin-screw extruder and molded using injection molding machine. [11], As one of the world's important natural fibres, kenaf is covered by the International Year of Natural Fibres 2009. There is no fiber treatment for both mats. [13] Foulk, R.B. These textile products are aesthetically pleasing, strong, lightweight, and have an excellent soft feel. The kenaf fibers used in this study were ob-tained from National Tobacco Board at Kelantan, Malaysia. Scientific.Net is a registered brand of Trans Tech Publications Ltd S. Kyung Hun, S.K. Hunt, D.F. 1. The fineness and morphology of kenaf fibres are the main focus of this paper. The fibres in kenaf are found in the bast (bark) and core (wood). It is estimated that growing kenaf on 5,000 acres (20 km²) can produce enough pulp to supply a paper plant having a capacity of 200 tons per day. "kenaf." Paridah, Maznah , Effect of kenaf seed oil from different ways of extraction towards ovarian cancer cells. The fruit is a capsule 2 cm diameter, containing several seeds. J. Zhang, H. Zhang, and J. Zhang, Evaluation of liquid ammonia treatment on surface characteristics of hemp fibre.
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